Bathing water quality | European Environment Agency's home page

Be it a lake in Finland, an Aegean island or the Copenhagen harbour, every year millions of Europeans are enjoying a dip in the water, with the knowledge that the water is safe for bathers across Europe.

Thanks to EU legislation and effective implementation by Members States, the bathing water quality improved significantly over the last four decades. Today 96% of EU bathing sites meet the minimum standards set by EU legislation.

The water we swim in can be polluted by bacteria Escherichia coli – or E. coli – and intestinal enterococci that may cause illness. Usually, these bacteria stem from untreated waste water or manure that end up in bathing waters e.g. following heavy rain. Improvement to bathing water quality is largely due to improved wastewater treatment.

Although most of Europe’s bathing waters are in excellent condition, pollution of surface and groundwater remains significant and may be exacerbated by the changing climate. Improving water resilience for people and for the environment in coming years will be key.

Member States monitor the quality of bathing water during the bathing season. This data is then reported, analysed and communicated in order to assess the overall water quality for a given bathing season. This assessment is a good indication of the bathing water quality for the coming season.

The assessment for the 2023 bathing season, including country fact sheets can be read here. For previous bathing seasons, you can find our assessments here.

Every year, we compile and assess the quality of bathing water across Europe for the preceding year. For bathing season 2023:

• The bathing water quality was monitored at 22,081 bathing sites across Europe.
• 96% of sites monitored met minimum water quality standards for E. coli and intestinal enterococci.
• Around 85% of waters had excellent quality.
• 1.6% of bathing waters in Europe were of poor quality.

The EEA assessment covers bathing waters in all EU Member States, Albania and Switzerland throughout 2023.

According to our assessment, coastal waters generally fare better than inland ones. In 2022, around 89% of the coastal bathing waters in the EU were classified as excellent compared with just under 79% of inland bathing waters.

In four countries — Cyprus, Austria, Croatia and Greece — 95% or more of bathing waters were of excellent quality. Moreover, in Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Malta, Luxembourg and Romania all bathing waters assessed met at least the minimum standard of sufficient quality in 2023. The share of poor-quality waters has stabilised in recent years. In 2023, poor bathing waters constituted 1.5% of all sites in the EU, compared to 1.9% in 2009.

The quality of Europe's bathing water has improved over past decades due to systematic monitoring and management introduced under the EU’s Bathing Water Directive and other EU environmental laws, like the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive. A revised version of this directive has been agreed, with even stricter requirements to treat wastewater.

EU bathing water legislation specifies if bathing water quality can be classified as 'excellent', 'good', 'sufficient' or 'poor', depending on the levels of faecal bacteria.

The Bathing Water Directive looks at other types of pollution affecting water, too. If water is classified as 'poor', EU Member States should take certain measures, such as banning bathing or advising against it, providing information to the public, and taking corrective actions.

These rules have led to a drastic reduction of untreated or partially treated municipal and industrial wastewater found in bathing water. As a result, swimming is possible in many cities, even those that were previously heavily polluted.

The European Environment Agency compiles data submitted by Member States and other European countries and produces an annual assessment for the previous bathing season. Together with the European Commission, this assessment is communicated to the public ahead of the coming bathing season.